How to Use the NYS Chemistry Reference Table

How to Use the NYS Chemistry Reference TableIt is important to understand what the NYS Chemistry Reference Table is in order to understand what makes up a chemistry test. With a good knowledge of what is on this testing method, you will be able to understand what your future education will be like.Each reference used for testing is supposed to be reliable. The individual answering the questions must be a perfect match for the actual answers for each answer type. This means the person answering the questions has to match the actual answers exactly.The ABCs in this term encompasses a large number of answers. There are a number of different forms of tests for each term or topic. These tests are meant to be used as a comparison between questions that may be used on different topics. For example, one testing method may ask about VOC emissions and another may ask about US EPA guidelines.While there are many forms of tests within this testing method, there are only four main types of testin g in terms of theoretical materials. These four main types are base, intermediate, limit, and maximum.A lot of the material used in this testing method is base types of testing. This means it is a long term study. It can include questions that are long forms of definitions and some of the main elements that make up the material. In addition, there are also a large number of questions that deal with calculations.An additional use of the reference table is that they are also used to determine the material to be used on a test. The material is chosen so that it fits the testing plan. In most cases, if it does not fit, the test is extended.The intermediate and limit questions tend to cover the material that is more advanced in a material and will include a number of concepts in some of the complex materials. The questions that include the maximum will usually be answered through various key combinations of chemical reactions.Another thing that is of note is that the number of tests that have been tested on the New York State Chemistry Examination must be a minimum of twenty. This means that there are a limited number of tests that have been used by previous students and can be used as a point of reference. It is also a good idea to check the tests against the official testing that has been conducted by the US EPA or any other government agency.

Teach, Learn and Become an E-Tutor at Fauqua!

Teach, Learn and Become an E-Tutor at Fauqua!Do you have a passion for teaching? Do you want to be an E-Tutor at Fauqua? E-tutoring is a great way to make your dreams come true.It's easy to enroll in an E-tutoring program as a student of the American Federation of Teachers (AFT). Once you complete an E-tutoring course, you will have the opportunity to work at any of their locations.An E-tutoring course consists of learning the requirements to become an E teacher. After completing the program, you will find out if you qualify to take this exam. A teacher who has been studying for the test is known as an 'E-Tutor.' If you are one of the many qualified teachers and are ready to begin, you can become an E-Tutor at Fauqua.You can learn more about becoming an E-Tutor at Fauqua by visiting their website. If you have been studying for these exams, you can begin today! The training is online and you can earn a certification at your own pace.You can find out if you qualify to become an E-Tutor at Fauqua by using the information provided on their website. Make sure you do some research, such as checking with the State Department of Education and making sure that you're actually eligible. Before you take the exam, you will also need to meet the state requirements.You can learn more about becoming an E-Tutor at Fauqua by taking an online course and attending an informational seminar. These seminars are scheduled throughout the year, so it's important to sign up early to secure your spot. You can find out more about becoming anE Tutor at Fauqua by visiting their website. A meeting with a representative will give you more information about these exam.If you want to learn more about becoming an E-Tutor at Fauqua, check out their website and enroll today. Take your career to the next level!

I hope you enjoyed this article on some of the items available for learning chemistry. Check out my website for more!Chemistry Teks - Easy to Learn Math and Science

I hope you enjoyed this article on some of the items available for learning chemistry. Check out my website for more!Chemistry Teks - Easy to Learn Math and ScienceWith all the new chemistry teks this year, you can't go wrong! With some of the easiest teks to play in this season, you really should try some. Below are just a few. All of these teks are easy and challenging.What're an electron, a cup of tea, and a paper caterpillar all about? This tek is not a difficult one, but it does take some practice. It's also fairly quick to get going once you get the hang of it.This tek is one that takes a little time to learn. It's short and to the point, and you should be able to get through it with very little guidance.You can start your TeX practice session with this tek. While it doesn't require a great deal of programming, it still provides plenty of challenges.These teks can take many different forms. These are just a few of the ones I've seen.One of the best teks to learn old chemistry i s the one with the old chemistry teacher from Dr. Suess' The Joy of Painting. In this one, the concept of how chlorophyll works is explained. In this method, you will also learn about attraction and repulsion.

Find a Private Tutor in Cardiff.

Find a Private Tutor in Cardiff. Where to Look for Private Tuition in the Capital of Wales. ChaptersIs a Private Tutor Worth It?Cardiff’s Opportunities for Private Tutoring.Cardiff is a beautiful city to grow up â€" and has even been voted the best city in the UK to live. That was due to its stellar quality of life, its low cost of living, and the fact that, not very far away, you’ve got some of the most beautiful places in the whole of the UK. No-one is going to argue that Cardiff isn’t, simply, great.It’s now also a city with a booming education centre and an increasingly flourishing international population â€" two things which are giving the city an extra bounce in its stride. And there’s opportunities aplenty. If you’re living elsewhere, move there; if you live there already, there’s no reason to go anywhere else.Yet, this is not an advert for Cardiff. Rather, we’re here to tell you of the great private tuition scene in Wales’s capital city. Because, whether you are after a trigonometry and algebra tutor or an English tutor, a chemistry tutor or a Spa nish tutor, it’s a pretty great city to find them in too.So, listen up: private tuition is another thing that makes Cardiff excellent.Find private tuition across the UK and private tutoring in London. Find yourself a personal tutor in Cardiff! CalumDrama School Entrance Teacher 5.00 (15) £50/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors ToriSpanish Teacher 5.00 (1) £15/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors OliviaSchool support Teacher 5.00 (2) £21/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors MarkESOL (English) Teacher 4.76 (17) £20/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors YuweiChinese Teacher 4.33 (6) £19/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors JenniferMusic reading Teacher 5.00 (1) £30/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors LouiseAutoCAD Teacher 5.00 (3) £60/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors RickyPercussion Teacher 5.00 (7) £35/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors NicolasGuitar Teacher 5.00 (2) £35/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors MyriamOrganic chemistry Teacher 5.00 (13) £20/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors JonathanEconomics Teacher 5.00 (9) £40/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors Oluwakemi imoleMaths Teacher 5.00 (1) £30/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors AlexPhysics Teacher 5.00 (1) £50/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors AdamSinging Teacher 5.00 (14) £48/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors ValentiniMusic reading Teacher 5.00 (2) £50/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors MilenaMaths Teacher 5.00 (5) £25/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors RashmiEconomics Teacher 5.00 (1) £35/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutorsIs a Private Tutor Worth It?First, let’s set the record straight, by answering one of the most common questions about private tuition there is: is it actually worth it? Well, to put the answer quite simply, there is a reason why a quarter of secondary school kids have a private tutor. Yes, they are totally worth it.Tutors Enable Greater Academic Success.The most obvious reason why private tutors are so worth it is that they improve your â€" or your child’s â€" grades. Whilst schools in the Cardiff area are often really fantastic, nothing beats the one-on- one care and attention that the best local tutors provide.To have a dedicated tutor to work with you through your exam preparation. To have someone who can guide you in the direction of the most effective study skills. To have someone who can go step by step through your mathematics courses with you.This is going to enable you to bring every detail from the syllabus into your knowledge â€" and then find the best ways to bring it out again during your exams and practice tests.The school system is great. But if, as a student, you want to push yourself hard, a private tutor can help you do this. Private tutors do help to improve your grades.Find private tutors in Manchester and personal tuition in Birmingham.Tutors Help to Build Confidence.But a home tutor does not just teach you, in that clinical, straightforward sort of way. What they do instead â€" or, at least, what the best tutors do â€" is to support you in finding your own answers to questions and to help you build your individu al academic confidence along the way.This is the important thing. Private tutors â€" academic, musical, linguistic, or of another sort â€" should be passionate and enthusiastic about the subject, and they should be able to welcome you into their passion too.If you think of private tutors as people who are going to come in and just improve your or your child’s grades just like that, then you are missing something. Because tuition is rather a more nuanced and human process, that teaches your child much more than that.A private tutor provides what a school teacher can’t necessarily: attention, personal support, and empathy with the demands of your learning.Find yourself private tuition in Glasgow or personal tutors in Leeds! Private classes should, perhaps, be fun!Cardiff’s Opportunities for Private Tutoring.In Cardiff, the opportunities to find a tutor for your subject are numerous, potentially even overwhelming. There are hundreds of tutors, of hundreds of possible subjects, in the city. You just need to find the right one for you.And here’s the thing. Just because the tutor has great reviews or has tutored thousands of people to the highest grades and levels of success, it doesn’t mean that they are right for you.Tutors are human â€" and you are human too â€" and if you don’t get on with them, then it’s not going to be a hugely successful, or enjoyable, experience. That’s why it’s helpful if tutors offer, like we do at Superprof, a first session free.Make sure you take advantage of this sort of offer. Because you really need to make sure that your future tutor is right for you.But, let’s get down to it. Because there are so many tutors in the Cardiff area, we can’t list them all. Her e are some of the best â€" for academic subjects, music tuition, and for languages.We hope you find it helpful!Academic Tutoring â€" in All Major Subjects.The English tutor and the maths tutor are the two most sought-after subject teachers in the whole profession. That’s why, wherever you look across the city, you’ll find English and maths teachers in the greatest numbers. If that’s what you want tutoring in, then lucky you.But if you want tuition in another subject, there’s no reason to worry, however â€" as you’ll see.One-on-One Tutoring in Any Subject, with Cardiff Vale Tutors.Cardiff Vale Tutors are one of the most professional tuition outfits in the Cardiff area. A large number of their staff are qualified teachers â€" or, at least, graduates with teaching experience in school.They run across the Cardiff area and offer pretty much every subject you could want to be tutored in. That means science to Spanish, English to art â€" from GCSE to degree level at university. They also have specialist support for people with dyslexia and dyscalculia too â€" so everyone is covered.Take English and Maths Tuition at MagiKats Cardiff.MagiKats are a UK-wide tuition provider whose aim is to make tuition fun without compromising on academic content.They run courses for kids from primary school-level upwards, in maths, English, and reasoning. They are based in Llandaff and run classes on Mondays, Tuesdays, and Wednesdays.Learn English and Maths with Kumon Cardiff.Kumon is a global tuition company that has over sixty years’ experience. Based on the teaching method of its founder, Toru Kumon, each local centre provides individual tuition in maths and English.Classes run for students between the age of six and fourteen â€" and the centre is in St John’s Church in Canton.Get Support with Entrance Exams with Explore Tuition.Whilst Explore Tuition offer maths and English tuition too, they are remarkable for the attention they pay to get children to pass the Eleven Plus and entrance exams for different independent schools.Based in Thornhill, Explore Tuition provide themselves on their unique approach to tuition â€" and the fact that they tailor the class content just to you.Find a Private Tutor in Cardiff with Superprof.At Superprof, we link up students with passionate and experienced tutors in literally over a thousand subjects. Our online platform is easy to use and will connect you with as many private tutors in your area that you need.Our tutors will come to you or meet wherever is preferable to you. Your private tutor is just a click away â€" and they can teach you languages and music too!Find private tutors in Edinburgh and private tuition in Belfast!Cardiff’s Language Tutors and English Classes.With its growing international population, there is an ever-blooming language-learning scene in the city. Whether this is for French or Spanish, Japanese or Mandarin, you’ll find someone qualified to teach you how to impress your lover or re locate abroad.For whatever reason you want to speak a foreign language, you’ll find the training you need here.Take an English Class with PC English.PC English is the name of the company run by Paul, a highly experienced English-language tutor in Cardiff. From training for the IELTS to casual learning, PC English has everything you need as a member of the international community in Cardiff.You needn’t look any further for English classes in Cardiff.Find a French Tutor with French Tuition Cardiff.People learn French for a variety of reasons â€" for the purposes of their high school exam or just for the fun of it. This is something that Fabienne, who runs French Tuition Cardiff, understands completely.And if you are hoping to learn French, with Fabienne you are in safe hands. The private class is the only way to learn a musical instrument.Music Tuition in Cardiff.There’s not really any other way to learn music â€" whether a musical instrument or music theory â€" than with a private music tutor. It doesn’t really work in a group and people who try to learn independently often just give up.Here are two private music tutors in Cardiff that can help to improve your musical ear.Home Tutoring in Music from R.L. Johns.At R.L. Johns, they â€" or rather, Rhodri himself â€" teach everything from music production to piano and mandolin.He’s a music producer himself, but also an incredibly experienced teacher who can guide you through all the musical needs you may have.Learn an Instrument with IMS Cardiff.The Cardiff International Music School is where some of the best music tuition in Cardiff happens. From drum to bassoon, from cello to vocals, their music tuition is well-regarded, professional, and guaranteed to get you playing.

Pond Food Chain Online Biology Tutors Tutorpace

Pond Food Chain Online Biology Tutors Tutorpace Pond is an aquatic ecosystem. The food chain can be defined as the transfer of energy from plants througha series of organisms with repeated eating and being eaten Or who eats whom .At each trophic level a largeportion of the potential energy is lost as heat. The number of steps in a food chain is usually limited to four orfive, since the energy decreases during the transfer from one step to another. In any food chain, energyflows from producers to primary consumers, from primary consumers to secondary consumers, fromsecondary consumers to tertiary consumers and so on. Producers prepare their own food using solar energyand convert it to chemical energy. In a pond ecosystem the food chain starts from phytoplankton and goes through zoo plankton, smaller fish,bigger fish, and birds and so on. The producers in a pond ecosystem are macrophytes and phytoplanktons.The phytoplankton when presentin abundance, gives the pond water a greenish colour.The phytoplankton usually comprises diatoms, bluegreen algae, green algae etc. In pond the macro consumers are the animals. They can be categorized into: 1. Primary consumers 2. Secondaryconsumers 3. Tertiary consumers The primary consumers feed on living plants or plant remains. Theprimary consumers are the zoo planktons and benthos. The zooplanktons include dianoflagellates,heliozoans, and copepods while Mollusca and annelids form the bottom dwelling forms. The secondaryconsumers are the carnivores which feed on primary consumers like predaceous insects, small fishes, frogsetc. The tertiary consumers are some large fish like game fish that feed on the secondary consumers.

5 Common Reasons to Quit Playing Guitar... And What You Can Do to Stick With It

5 Common Reasons to Quit Playing Guitar... And What You Can Do to Stick With It Maile Proctor Dont let the title fool you, were not encouraging you to quit guitar. In fact, we want to help you stick with it. Oftentimes when people decide to learn an instrument, they  end up quitting before they realize their full potential. Here, Irvine, CA guitar instructor Douglas F.  breaks down five of the most common reasons people quit playing guitar, and what you can do  to overcome your excuses. In everyday encounters, it’s surprisingly common to hear I used to play guitar, but after someone finds out that I play or teach guitar. What follows is a slew of excuses that I’ve compiled and compressed into the top five reasons for quitting guitar. You may have heard these excuses, and maybe even used a few yourself. When youre feeling discouraged, heres what you can do to push past your rut and stick with it! Self Doubt Lack of skill as a beginner is one of the most common reasons that people drop the guitar for good. In my opinion, this  excuse makes the least amount of sense. With any new skill, why would anyone expect to be great without preparation and practice? This is nothing but a combination of self-doubt and classic learning frustration. In conversations like this, I like to share my personal experience: When I first started, I was not very good (AT ALL) at guitar, drums, or bass. The  truth is, no one is born a musician; all it takes is the genuine desire to learn. This should not be confused with natural ability and the amount of time you have played guitar. Lack of Time / Time Management If you can devote 20 focused minutes to playing guitar every day, you’re on your way to greatness. Comparing the amount of time you’ve played guitar to others is useless. People watch me play guitar and think that since I have played for about 10 years, it must take that long to play comfortably. Wrong; in fact, the amount of time you have played is pretty much irrelevant. Before starting with a new student, I often ask how long they’ve played guitar. I’ve learned over the years that the answer to this questions has very little correlation to the student’s ability level. I’ve had students bumping out John Mayer songs after only a few months, and people who have tinkered around with guitar for 55 years and never decided to learn more than three songs. Here’s a tip:  Try recording yourself  so you can hear how much you’ve improved. You’ll be surprised, if you’re learning the right way, you’ll notice that you sound and feel better every single time you pick up your guitar. Learning Guitar is Challenging If you have this excuse, youre not learning the right way. Learning and practicing should be fun the whole time I promise this is actually possible. Stop memorizing make habits instead. Don’t let memorization stress you out! Don’t bother memorizing chord structures, song structures, scales, when you can pull them up on devices, print them out, or get that chord poster they have in every music store. You don’t need to know scales to learn songs, and if you’re learning scales before songs- please fire your instructor today. Dont waste your time and brain power. The habits will slide themselves into your playing- just like they do best. You will easily memorize things like chord shapes quicker than you may expect, because guitar playing is all about muscle memory! Boredom / Loss of Interest To me, this just screams that you arent having fun; probably for very justifiable reasons. Here are some of the reasons this may be.. Once you consider playing guitar as homework or feel dreadful about practicing, you know something is wrong! In a lot of cases, music instructors will choose the  music for their students, when it should be the complete opposite. A good instructor will know how to take your favorites song, and create a way for you to play it at your skill level. Music is about the feeling you get when you play, there will never be a good reason to play music you don’t enjoy: so stop playing the songs that bore you and find something you want to dance around to! If you dread playing a certain song because its too difficult, then that’s another story. Play something that gets you grooving and hungry for more, and then go back to learning the difficult song. Unrealistic Expectations You have to remember that the musicians you look up to were also in your shoes at one point. In fact, they are still learning more, all the time! Change your mentality: Whats your goal, anyway? Is it to be able to play comfortably within a couple months? Could being a guitar player” simply mean playing a song you really like? Learning just one song is a much more realistic goal than setting out to become a rock god who can awe a crowd with a high-speed guitar solo. Set mini goals for yourself! Every day is a new chance to play guitar in a totally new mentality. Rock out and have fun! Remember, It’s never too late to learn to play guitar, so if youve put it down, dont be afraid to pick it back up and give it another go! Post Author: Douglas F. Douglas teaches guitar, drums, and music theory in Irvine, CA. He studied music theory at North Carolina State University, and has been playing guitar and drums for over 10 years. Learn more about Douglas  here! Interested in Private Lessons? Search thousands of teachers for local and live, online lessons. Sign up for convenient, affordable private lessons today! Search for Your Teacher

Multiplication with carrying

Multiplication with carrying There are different mathematical operations in math such as addition, subtraction and division. Multiplication is one of the arithmetic operations used in different branches of mathematics. Multiplication is denoted by a cross sign . Multiplication can be used between different types of numbers such as integers, fractions, decimals and many more. Example 1: There are 15 snack-bars in a box. If Ben brought 6 boxes how many snack bars does he have? Solution: Number of snack bar in each box = 15. Number of boxes Ben brought = 6 Total number of snack bars = 15 x 6. Here for the multiplication 6 is multiplied to the ones place 5 x 6 = 30. Carrying the 3 on the tens place. Multiple the tens place 1 x 6 = 6. Now add the carried number to the 6; 6 + 3 = 9. Hence 15 x 6 = 60. Total number of snack bars = 90. Question: Multiple choice question (Pick the correct option.) What is the answer when 56 is multiplied with 4? a) 204 b) 224 c) 2024 d) None of these. Correct answer: option b. Explanation: Here for the multiplication 56 x 4 =? Multiply 4 to the ones place this gives 6 x 4 = 24. (Write the 4 and carry the 2 in 24). Carrying the 2 on the tens place. Multiple the tens place 5 x 4 = 20. Now add the carried number to the 20; 20 + 2 = 22. Hence 56 x 4 = 224.

Online Standard Measurement Chart- Online Math Tutors

Online Standard Measurement Chart- Online Math Tutors Standard measurement chart is one of the most effective mechanisms for presenting data in a form meaningful to decision makers is chart. Through charts, the decision maker can often get an overall picture of the data the data and reach some useful conclusions merely by studying the graph. Converting data to charts can be creative and artful. Often the most difficult step in this process is to reduce important and sometimes expensive data to a chart that is both clear and concise One of the most important uses of charts in statistics to help the researcher determine the shape of the distribution. Types of charts Histogram is as type of vertical bar chart is used to depict a frequency distribution. A histogram is a useful tool for differentiating the frequencies of class intervals. Pie chartis a circular depiction of data where the area of the whole pie represents 100% of the data being studied and slices represents a percentage breakdown of the sublevels. Pie charts show the relative magnitudes of parts to a whole. They are widely used in business, particularly to depict such thing as budget categories, market share, and time and resource allocations. However, the use of pie charts is minimized in the sciences and technology because pie charts can lead to less accurate judgments than are possible with other types of graphs.

Behaviour Management Theories You Need to Know

Behaviour Management Theories You Need to Know Why are Behaviour Management Theories Important for the Classroom? ChaptersWhat is Behavioural Management?Why Should You Learn about Behaviour Management Theory?Some of the Major Behaviour Management Theories â€" and Their TheoristsAs a teacher, tutor, or anyone else working with children in an educational context, you’ll probably have learned a thing or two about behaviour management. And you may well have learned it the hard way.Kids aren’t always going to be behaving in the way that you want them to behave. Misbehaviour â€" defined loosely as not following classroom rules â€" is something that is inevitable in children, just as it would be in the rest of us if we were still sat in the classroom. Undesirable behaviour is, in a way, contingent upon the nature of the rules in place â€" and is not some sort of fixed, universal category.The spectrum of behaviour in the classroom is something that you will, as a teacher, understand with time. Yet, something hugely beneficial to your understanding of classroom behaviour is a knowledge of the literat ure, as such, on the subject.There are heaps of it: studies on behaviour problems and behaviour change, reflections on the motivators behind good behaviour, and theories on what it is that makes people behave in the way that they do.It’s this last one that we are going to look at here: the behaviour management theories that educators, psychologists, and pedagogists have developed to understand what it is that motivates behaviour â€" and how we can best negotiate that. How do you do good behaviour management?there is much more to it than merely punishing those who misbehave.Rather, behavioural management is about the strategies and methods in which teachers can ensure that children make the most out of their schooling. It is about enabling all children â€" not just the ‘well-behaved’ ones â€" to strive for and obtain their own version of success.So, it is not about giving a child a sticker or a stamp as a consequence of good behaviour â€" nor a detention for bad behaviour. Rather, it is about understanding what makes kids tick and driving that towards achievement.As with any other subject in the history of psychology, education, or social science, not everyone agrees about what this actually means. And so, we see a massive proliferation of different theories, ideas, and interventions into what actually constitutes the behaviour at which we are looking.It’s these ideas that we are going to be looking at here â€" from some of the biggest names in education and pedagogy.Find out more in our introduction to behaviour management.Why Should You Learn about Behaviour Management Theory?But firstly, let’s consider why you, as an educator, might want to pay attention to these academic ideas.Throughout the history of academic social science, theory â€" in all subjects, not just in behaviour management â€" has been continually elaborated, continually superseded, and continually re-elaborated again.This fact might be a bit off-putting for readers coming in from the outside: academia can often feel like a long, eternal conversation with itself about itself.However, it is worth the effort to pursue it. Theories of learning, theories of personality, and the cognitive theories that underpin these ideas, are both super interesting and directly relevant and insightful for the work that you will be doing in the classroom.Find out more about why behaviour management is important.How Does the Theory Affect Teaching Practice?To demonstrate the use of classroom management theory for teachers and tutors, we can give a simple example.Some bad teachers â€" particularly those who have not been through adequate training â€" might see a classroom of children whom they haven’t quite clicked are people in the formative stages of life. Maybe they see bad behaviour but don’t necessarily link that up to the motivations, desires, and responses of the children themselves.Behaviour management theory has informed the best practices that guide teaching in classrooms across the world. And it has changed the way children are treated in classrooms â€" from things that should be quiet and may be caned, to a community of people who have their own wills, desires, and concerns.This simple change in the way that children are understood is the reason for the value of theory â€" and delving into yourself can lead you as an educator into even greater understandings of the kids you are working for. A well-behaved class?Some of the Major Behaviour Management Theories â€" and Their TheoristsWhilst this list is far from exhaustive, here are some of the most significant theories of behaviour management that you should know â€" alongside the thinkers whose names are most closely associated to them.Let’s take a look.B.F. Skinner and Operant ConditioningB.F. Skinner is one of the biggest names in the history of behaviour management theory â€" at least in the twentieth century. His big idea was what is known as operant conditioning â€" and it came as the development of and response to the more radical theory known as classical conditioning.In the latter theory, a neutral stimulus in the environment comes to provoke a conditioned response. In the classic example of Pavlov’s dog, a bell rings each time a dog is given food â€" and so the dog begins to salivate each time the bell rings, regardless of whether the food comes.There is, however, no real behaviour here â€" as this is an aut omatic response.Positive ReinforcementSkinner’s idea was based, rather than on this very biological theory, upon the idea of Edward Thorndike, known as the law of effect. This stated that when a behaviour is followed by a pleasant consequence, that consequence is likely to be repeated; when it is followed by something unpleasant, it probably isn’t.This led to Skinner’s most famous contributions to behaviour management: positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement. Positive reinforcement is the reward: you do your homework, so you get a fiver. Simple. Negative reinforcement, meanwhile, is the removal of a punishment: you do your homework so that you don’t have to pay your teacher a fiver.The importance of this idea was that punishment was not something recommended by Skinner. Rather, behaviour was managed through the management of the environment, to which children’s behaviours were the consequences.William Glasser and Choice TheoryThe ideas of William Glasser may well be equally influential. But where Skinner came out of a tradition of behaviourist natural science, Glasser was a psychiatrist â€" and it was his theories of psychology that he applied to the classroom context.His choice theory is a fascinating intervention into the field because it proposes that all behaviour is the result of choice. Sure, you can tell a child to do something, but all you are doing is passing information. Whether they do as you tell them is entirely their choice.Whilst the choice is theirs, people are motivated by five basic needs: fun, freedom, power, survival, and love and belonging. Classroom activities should satisfy these needs: teachers should convince that children that these activities are worth their while â€" whilst developing the feeling of belonging in the classroom.However, the children can’t be made to do anything; the young person has to reach that decision of their own free will.Alfie Kohn and Student Directed Learning TheoryAlfie Kohn has courted controversy for his ideas on behaviour management. However, his critiques of ideas such as Skinner’s positive and negative reinforcement have been hugely important interventions into the debate.Kohn’s ideas are student-directed â€" as in, the students’ ideas and contributions drive the programme of study. For Kohn, learning is more about making meaning than it is about receiving information â€" and it should be driven by curiosity and cooperation rather than a distant and standardised curriculum.Extrinsic motivation â€" those motivators which come externally, like positive reinforcement â€" is too common in the classroom, Kohn suggests. Kids learn to want the reinforcement itself, not the behaviour to which it should be associated.Intrinsic motivation â€" the motivators within the learning itself â€" are much more important. Cultivated correctly, punishments aren’t necessary. What is good behaviour?Albert Bandura and Social Learning TheoryAlbert Bandura’s work in a sense returns us to the beginning, bringing in elements of all three theorists.His theory â€" known as social learning theory â€" posits that people acquire behaviour through observation and imitation, through a cognitive process that is necessarily based in a social context.He returns to Skinner’s operant conditioning, suggesting that reinforcement can happen vicariously, through the rewarding or punishment of an observed other. Thus, if your mate is getting rewarded for something, you mate see that this is a good behaviour to follow.Check out some behaviour management strategies whilst you are here!